Performance Theory Essay Example For Free At Magic Help - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2365 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Art Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Discuss ways in which Richard Schechners Performance Theory may be of use to contemporary practitioners. Illustrate your answer with reference to at least one dance or theatre performance which you have seen live. The influence of Richard Schechner (b. 1934) on both theatre production and academic theory has been profound and, in some ways, revolutionary. Schechner has consistently challenged traditional practices and perspectives of theatre, performance and ritual for almost half a century. His principal contention is that drama is not merely a province of the stage, but of everyday life, and is a cross-cultural phenomenon. It is important to develop and articulate theories concerning how performances a regenerated, transmitted, received and evaluated in pursuit of these goals, performance studies is insistently intercultural, inter-generic and inter-disciplinary. (Schechner, 1995) As with all academic studies, performance theory is founded on certain key principles, which include such terms as presentation of self, restored behaviour and expressive culture, and incorporates social drama and ritual. His concept of performance, which contrasts sharply with previous, principally modernist, approaches to the arts, asserts the importance of different systems of transformations, which vary enormously from culture to culture, and throughout historical periods and movements. The radical nature of performance theory is demonstrated by its all-encompassing, even holistic, approach to theatre and performance, with popular culture, folklore, and ethnic diversity incorporated into the cross-disciplinary mix. In examining the ways in which the theory can be useful to theatre practitioners, it is important to examine in more detail the main strategies it deploys, including the concept of performativity. The word performative was originated by J.L Austin, a linguistic philosopher, who coined the term for the first time during lectures at Harvard University in 1955. Expressions such as I take this man to be my lawfully wedded husband are an example of an action in itself, rather than simply the description of an action. As Austin put it, to say something is to do something. (Austin, 1962) Performativity as a concept is closely related to postmodernism. The postmodern view does not see the idea of performance as intrinsically artistic or theatrical, but as something that pervades the fabric of the social, political and material world. It is an inalienable part of what constitutes power and knowledge. Teaching and lecturing, political speech-making and religious sermonising illustrates this characteristic of performativity. The postmodern view of things posits a standpoint that culture has become a commodity in itself, rather than a critique of commodity. It is inseparable from the context of post-World War II Western society, where new goods and technology, and corresponding cultural developmen ts, emerged from the rubble of post-war austerity. This shift from modernist to postmodernist thinking in the arts can be located in the 1950s, with movements such as abstract expressionism, modernist poetry and existentialism in literature and philosophy representing a high flowering of the modernist impulse. The postmodern world, originating in the 1960s, represented a blurring of distinction between high art and popular, mass-communicated mediums, formerly derided as low art. Recognising, analysing, and theorising the convergence and collapse of clearly demarcated realities, hierarchies, and categories is at the heart of postmodernism. Such a convergence or collapse is a profound departure from traditional Western performance theory. (Schechner, 2002, P. 116) In the Schechner universe, the previously solid foundation of modernism, with clearly defined borders of reality and representation in performance, has been wrenched away, and many of the assumptions in the western artistic tradition, from Plato and Aristotle on, such as the notion that theatre reflects, imitates or represents reality, in both individual and social life. Representational art of all kinds is based on the assumption that art and life are not only separate but of different orders of reality. Life is primary, art secondary. (Schechner, 2002, P.116) In Performance Studies, Schechner asserts that performing onstage, performing in special social situations (public ceremonies, for example), and performing in everyday life are a continuum. (Schechner, 2002, P. 143) His contention that each and every one of us is in some sense a performer is difficult to dispute. Engaging in real life is often indistinguishable from role play, and in todays surveillance societies of Western culture, with CCTV cameras seemingly everywhere, the scope for performance as an extension of simply being has never been wider. The evident logical development of this is the ubiquitous reality TV show, as well as the do-it-yourself webcam and personal websites on the internet, both of which have contributed a new dimension to the style of being. 2 Pop artist Andy Warhol would surely have embraced the new medias possibilities for exhibitionism, and reflected wryly on his own pioneering role in this phenomenon. His films of the1960s and 70s were forerunners of reality TV, and his mantra of 15 minutes of fame has never seemed more applicable. At first glance, Schechners hypotheses appears to fulfil both Warhols philosophy and Shakespeares oft-quoted All the worlds a stage, and all the men and women merely players as an approach to performance. The key concern of the drama ordnance practitioner is to place this into the context of performing a in a way beyond simply being in itself to the portrayal of a self-contained thing in itself- an abstract presentation of a text or idea, for the purposes of entertain mentor education. (E.g. Theatre-in-education) The acto r or player is not alone in presenting self-contained performances, with a beginning, middle and end. As Schechner observes, various figures in the public arena adopt strategies of performance and role play, such as politicians, religious leaders, and businessmen and women, conducting presentations at meetings: Paid performers all seeking attention, adulation, re-election, and money. (Schechner, 2002, P. 146) They all have their own strategies and scenarios to achieve effects, towards a specific goal, and, like the theatre/performing arts practitioner, their performances are predicated on self-consciousness. Across this very wide spectrum of performing are varying degrees of self-consciousness and consciousness of the others with whom and for whom we play. The more self-conscious a person is the more one constructs behaviour for those watching and/or listening, the more such behaviour is performing. (Schechner, 2002, P.146) The application of role playing in many contexts, from psychotherapy sessions to teacher training exercises, follows similar approaches as drama improvisation classes, albeit with different objectives, but no less in addressing the self-conscious and unconscious impulses which lie at the basis of performance. It reflects the in-built routines, rituals and conventions of everyday life, instilled from birth, and through childhood experience. The Jungian theories of archetypes and the collective unconscious would suggest that the individuals mind is not a tabularasa (blank page) at the time of birth the implications of which are potent with creative possibilities for the practitioner/performing artist. The concept of performing in everyday life is a central aspect of performativity, as envisaged by Schechner. Performativity is everywhere in daily behaviour, in the professions, on the internet and media, in the arts and in the language. (Schechner, 2002, P. 110) It is a natural progenitor of role play and improvisa tion. The expression showing off is heard frequently throughout childhood, but is equally applicable to adult behaviour. Certain jobs and professions have evolved traditional codes of conduct, some of which have emerged as specific character traits, behaviour patterns and tones of voice. These have in turn been stylised into stereotypical representations: the roles of dignified clergyman, ardent reporter, solemn court judge, et al. They usually adhere to custom, but have evolved into modes of performance. The implication is that many individuals, going about their everyday business are not being themselves all of the time. They are acting out roles, predetermined to the point of being programmed in some cases. Performing in everyday life involves people in a wide range of activities from solo or intimate performances behind closed doors to small group activities to interacting as part of a crowd. (Schechner,2002, P. 175) Schechner observes that the social codes of o ur daily lives are adapted to greater or lesser degrees by everyone. The unconventional or rebellious resist the rules, but only revolutionaries seek to break them to achieve permanent change a principal equally applicable to artists. The arts, and particularly the theatre, have always made use of stereotypes and archetypes, often parodying or subverting them. Those practitioners who set out to achieve truthful performances, to get under the skin of a character, can identify with these typical representations, as role play exercises reveal, but the underlying personality lies a layer or two deeper. In the theatre the actor and the audience both know that the actor is not who she is playing. But in real life a person is simultaneously performing herself and being herself. The matter is, of course, nicely complicated because in some methods of realistic acting, actors are taught how to use their own selves to construct theatrical roles. (Schechner, 2002, P. 177) In a pproaching the role of , for example, a science teacher, and avoid a one-dimensional portrayal, an actor must discover the character as not simply a teacher, carrying out a teachers role, but as an individual when off duty during times, as Schechner puts it, when the performance aspect of ordinary behaviour is less obvious, but not absent. (Schechner, 2002, P. 177) 4 The actor can draw on his/her own experience, be it of a personal kind (i.e. they may have previously been a teacher) or from memories and observations based on an actual person, or persons. (E.g. a teacher who had taught them) Naturally, this approach places more demands on the actor, enabling him/her to enact a performance of a person who is also a science teacher, rather than simply a science teacher with no identity beyond his/her teaching duties. A-Gender, produced in 2004 by Joey Hately, artistic director of Transaction Theatre Company, was a postmodern theatre piece that adopted many of the elements of new theatre and performance theory very effectively. Ostensibly a presentation of gender politics portrayed as a personal case history, A-Gender presented the issue of transsexualism in a powerfully theatrical manner, deploying methods of performance outside the restrictions of conventional theatre. The use of the one man (or one woman) show format (a prototypical popular cultural form) and the stand up routine, interwoven with visual media (video sequences) and other performance modes, enabled the artist/performer to convey the confusion, pain and anger of person whose gender identity causes them to believe that they have been born in the wrong body, the wrong gender. A-Gender adopted a modus operandi of style and performativity that placed it squarely in the new theatre approach. Its subject matter determined this, and evident devices to unsettle, or even alienate, the audience were adopted by Hately effectively. Some of these devices were not exclusively of postmoderni st origin, having close links to the Theatre of the Absurd and Brechtian strategies of alienation, but the multi-media technique of juxtaposing live theatre with pre-filmed video sequences, was pure new theatre. In fringe, community, and street theatre performances, the scope for applying Schechners performance theory is virtually limitless. The roots of street theatre are varied and eclectic, having both a primitive, ritualistic dimension, with antecedents in ancient and tribal cultures, as well as avant garde origins of performance art at the start of the 20th century (e.g. surrealism, dada, etc), culminating in the pop art, post-modern dance and Happenings of the 1960s, a movement from which Schechners early work in the theatre emerged. Street theatre performances contain some elements derived from Happenings, which Allan Kaprow outlined in The seven qualities of Happenings. (Kaprow, 1966) There are essential differences. Street theatre is usually played out for the benefit of an audience, albeit one of a generally random nature, some of whom may become participants, but not in the same way as in Happenings with everyone performing and no audience. One element they do share is the idea of the found space, which is crucial to environmental theatre. Kaprow stated, it doesnt make any difference how large the space is. Its still a stage. (Kaprow quoted in Schechner,1977) Schechner elaborated on this principle with his axiom that the theatrical event can take place in a totally transformed space, or found space. (Schechner, 1977) Whereas traditional theatre restricts the special place to an area (the stage) marked clearly as the space for performance, new theatre creates a space that is organically defined by the action. As in the Happening, and street theatre, space is transformed by the participants, who discover their own sets and scenery, using their surroundings, the various elements found in the environment of the space, including dà ƒ ©cor, textures and acoustics. Outdoor stage performances have adopted this principle, with many touring theatre companies using castle ruins, woodland clearings and riversides to stage Shakespeares Hamlet, A Midsummer Nights Dream and The Merchant of Venice. This use of transformed space is perhaps a more conservative application of Schechners theory, as it retains many of the conventions of traditional theatre. The theatrical stage is simply substituted for its outdoor counterpart. Much of street theatre approaches adopt a radical use of space in the environment. There are innumerable ways in which performance theory and new theatre are a useful alternative to traditional theatre. The application of other (visual) media has already been noted, as in the example of A-Gender. Schechner proposes others: I suggest other tools, other approaches. Mathematical and transactional game analysis, model building, comparisons between theatre and related performance activities all will prove fruitful. (Schechner, 1988, P. 27-28) This demands a high level of intense physical and mental rigour from the practitioner, as Schechner sees theatre as alive, experiential, organic, rather than something that merely replicates or reconstructs reality. His theory offers many practical methods for both student and practitioner to follow, in the form of both things to think about and things to do. These are inter-disciplinary and encourage an expansionist outlook, which is cross-cultural, as well as making explorative use of the inner life of the performer. This dynamic and multi-faceted approach can be adopted by the full range of performing arts, which the theory so comprehensively reflects. For both actors and directors it creates new space and new possibilities, especially to the experimental and fringe theatre practitioner. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Performance Theory Essay Example For Free At Magic Help" essay for you Create order

The 1912 Crucial Election - 1346 Words

The year 1912 brought one of the most important presidential elections in United States history. Four nominees confronted one another during this election: Democratic candidate Woodrow Wilson, Progressive leader Theodore â€Å"Teddy† Roosevelt, Republican William Howard Taft, and Socialist Eugene Debs. This election also proved to be crucial as it brought forth new considerable and â€Å"substantive† discussions concerning the Union and its future. These issues included, whether government should expand democracy, apply more control over businesses, and how solve the labor conflict, among others. Each of the four major presidential candidates took a position on these issues, either choosing to support or oppose such changes. The presidential†¦show more content†¦The final nominee in the 1912 Election was the Socialist Eugene Debs. Debs as a Socialist deeply cared for the needs of the worker and pledged to take the necessary steps to strengthen America’ s working class. 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Narrative Therapy free essay sample

Ethical Issues Quintell Turner Liberty University Ethical Issues Ethics plays a huge role in the counseling profession. The professionals that practice counseling whether group or individual must be very careful not to violate any of the ethics code because it could cause them to lose their career. Counselor and Therapist that work with groups setting have ethical standards that they must adhere to only a daily basis. There are several ethical issues that may present as barriers to counselors and therapist as well as the people that they serve.Whether it is in a group setting or in an individual setting, professional counselor and therapist must be careful staying within code of ethics. Group counseling can offer several relationships that assist individuals in growth and problem solving. Within group therapy, the participants are encouraged by the leader to discuss issues that may have brought them into therapy openly and honestly. Group leaders work hard to create an environment that is built from trust and acceptance and encourages participants to support one another. There are several codes of ethics that counselor must adhere to while leading group sessions. According to the ACA Code of Ethics, in a group setting, counselors take reasonable precautions to protect clients from physical, emotional, or psychological trauma. (A. 8. b. Protecting Clients) Counselors must lead a group in a professional manner and make sure that all participants understand that being respectful at all times. Counselor must also make sure that all members of the groups informed of confidentiality and that all information remains confidential within the group.According to ACA Code of Ethics (2005), in group work, counselors clearly explain the importance and parameters of confidentiality for the specific group being entered. Those are two of the most important codes of ethics that may present as an issue in a group setting as well as individual setting. Group leaders must also know that it is unethical for them to use techniques unless they are adequately trained to use the technique or they must be supervised by someone that is thoroughly trained to use the technique. Group counselor also needs to avoid from using a group to benefit for themselves ecause that can be unethical. The leader should lead the group and help the participant s with whatever situation they are going through instead of benefiting from group by drawing all the attention to themselves. Therapist may choose group counseling over individual counseling due to it may be beneficial for the client to interact with other individuals that may have some of the same issues that they are having. Group therapy allows clients to have opinions and diversity due to having other people around that may be going through something similar to them.Therapist may choose to do group therapy rather than individual therapy because they have the option to challenge the clients that they serve in a group setting rather than just study the client’s problems. Individual counseling may cause problems with the client and therapist relationships. When attending or conducting individual counseling the client do not have others that may be able to get ideas from like in a group setting. Some counseling may chose group therapy because it may not seem as personal as individual counseling. The counselor in group settings do not have to cater to one client but have several that they have to wor k with. Leading a group sessions allows the counselor to participate in discussions that they engage in with the participants. There are opportunities for the groups to do exercises and get involvement from other members that are in the group to assist with dealing with their problems. Therapist that lead groups also lead by allowing the members to communicate and give each member involved the emotional support. Leading individual counseling sessions, the leader can build a trusting relationship which may have allowed the client to open up more.Clients that attend group sessions may take longer to open up and build trusting relationships slower than someone in a individual counseling session. There are several challenges and benefits of ethical small community practice. When a counselor or psychologist is practicing within a small community, they tend to treat clients that may know one another. In this situation counselor that practice in group and private sessions must make sure that they remain confidential at all times and not mistakenly share another person’s information while in a session with another client that may know that the particular clients is going through.Counselors that practice in small communities must always try to practice ethically and professionally by, also obtaining informed consent and making that the clients that they serve understand confidentiality and how all clients’ records are kept privately. Counselors should also document thoroughly when dealing with clients and that may have relationships outside the therapy sessions and within the community. Counselor should set boundaries and expectations at the beginning of each session and let the client know what is expected as well as let the client tell the counselor what they expect from them. Self-monitoring does not end once an initial decision is made. It is an ongoing process to ensure that actions are in the best interest of clients as situations and factors change during the ongoing course of treatment. † (Gallardo, Haldeman, Helbok, Schank, 2010) Getting involved in continuing education may be beneficial for counselors, psychologist and therapist that practice in small community to stay on top of ethical training due to having to apply ethical techniques in small communities. A counselor that practice in small communities may have relationships that are classified as dual relationships. According to Jacobs (2012), dual relationships are relationships that exist in addition to the therapeutic relationship established between the leader and the members. This type of relationship needs to enter into with caution by both the group leader and the participant. A study was performed using 894 employees and their 222 immediate supervisors to test ethical leadership. The employees and their supervisors worked financial institution located in the United States.The participants were men and women of all ages on average of 27 for the employees and 36 for the supervisors. They were of all races including White, Hispanic, African American and Asian. All the participants that were selected had at least a high school diploma and worked for the company for at least 6 months in many different departments. The researchers collected data used in the research on two different occasions in a five week span from both the supervisors and employees. The researchers gave each participant a survey packet with a cover letter inviting them to participate in the research.The researchers explained to the participants using the cover letter the purpose of the study and what they hoped to accomplish by using them. The cover letter also ensured each participant that confidentiality would be used throughout the study. The participants were assured that all answers that were provided on the surveys would remain confidential and would not affect their employment. The participants were then informed that they will be receiving another survey in five weeks and stated that it was very important that the participants participated in both surveys. The surveys that the supervisors and employees received were different surveys and neither group knew what the other groups surveys were about. The supervisors were asked to complete a questionnaire that asked them questions regarding their own personalities that included agreeableness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism. They were also asked to give some of their personal information such as gender, age, and race. The employees were asked to rate their supervisors ethical leadership behavior as well as to give their personal information. The participants were given three days to complete the surveys.The next survey was given to the employees and the supervisors five weeks after they finished the first survey. The employees were given a survey to measure psychological safety and supervisors were asked to rate voice behavior. The supervisors were given the names of the employees in the groups. After all the data was collected and studied. The researchers found that, â€Å"the leader personality traits of agreeableness and conscientiousness were positively related to direct reports’ ratings of the leader’s ethical leadership, whereas neuroticism was unrelated to these ratings. (Schaubroeck, Walumbwa 2009) Ethical issues arise when researchers conduct research on economically disadvantaged and ethnic minority populations. There have been so many economically disadvantaged populations that have been exploited during researchers that have not followed any type of ethical guidelines. There are moral codes that should be put into place to protect research with humans that chose to participate in any type of research. There have been several studies performed using human participants that failed due to ethical issues and concerns. The participants were treated poorly by the researchers and not protected as they should under the code of ethics standards. Studies like the Tuskegee study in which the participants were treated poorly and not allowed to leave the study and get medical attention. Another study that failed due to ethical issues was the lead based paint study that did not advise the low income families the purpose of the study as well as the risk that their children may face with the lead based paint. These studies were all performed using disadvantaged individuals that were not advised of any ethical rights that they had as a participant.The participants that were selected in these researches were also uneducated and not know or understand their ethical rights if they were explained to them. When doing research on the economically disadvantaged and ethnic minority populations, researchers should follow the three basic ethical principles that The Belmont Report (National Commission, 1979) have set in place to protect human participants in research. The researchers should have respect for the people that they have chosen to participate in the research. They should give each participant the adequate amount of information and allow them to be able to make the decision on their own as to whether or not they want to participant in the research. The researchers should also follow the guide line of beneficence and make sure that the research that is being conducted will not harm the participant but act as a benefit to the participant. If there is any harm that can be done to a participant during a research they should be notified of the risk before the research is conducted.The researchers should also follow justice and ensure that each participant is treated fairly while participating in the research as well as be protected from any harm during the research. There should not be one group that is protected from harm while another is not protected during research. According to Knight, Roosa, and Umana-Taylor (2009), cultural competence is the biggest barrier to a researcher’s ability to conduct studies in an ethical manner with div erse populations. The researchers display a lack of understanding of the values, beliefs, and lifestyles of the ethnic minority or economically disadvantaged groups. Researchers need to understand the values and beliefs of all populations who they wish to study so that they can develop effective ways of recruiting participants to do research studies on. There are ethical issues that present as barriers in screening clergy or candidates for religious professions for denominations that exclude homosexual clergy. Due to the high number of problems with appointing people to positions within the church many denominations like Christian and Jewish have selected psychologist to come in and screen potential candidates for professions within the church.These denominations are relying on the psychologist to weed out candidates that have a history of pedophilia, alcoholism and substance abuse, and psychological traits or disorders and they may not be able to function as a member of clergy. Psychologists have ethical obligations that they must adhere to when screening applicants for these positions. The must be treat the applicant with dignity and respect. P sychologist must also be careful when conducting screening for denominations not to ban anyone from the position due to their sexual orientation. If a psychologist bar some due to their sexual orientation they would be violated the code of ethics as stated in Ethic Codes. According to Standard 3. 01 of the Ethics Code (APA, 2002) that prohibits psychologists from engaging in â€Å"unfair discrimination based on age, gender, gender identity, race, ethnicity, culture, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, disability, socioeconomic status, or any basis proscribed by law (p. 1064)† This may present as a issue when conducting screening for churches that may prohibit same sex orientation and can cause a the psychologist have a conflict within ethical code.Churches that bar professionals from clergy positions within the church may do so but are required to treat people with dignity and respect due to their ethical responsibility. When I led the discussion group session at my job it was the first time that I ever led a group. I feel that with the little experience that I had as a leader that I did well. I was well prepared and had a lot of knowledge about the information that we discussed in each session.I went over confidentiality with all the members of the group session and stressed the importance of not sharing information. After I started researching information on ethics, I felt that they with the lack of experience that I had as a leader that I did a great job with following the code of ethics. I still have a long ways to go to become an effective leader. Learning all the techniques that leaders should know when leading a group. Learning how to handle situations where there is conflict within the group would be a challenge for me because I do not like conflict.I also feel that learning and adhering to all the ethical codes would be challenging in some situations and as a counselor I would need to know how to avoid violating and ethical codes. I would also need to know how to handle situations that my ethics may be challenged by clients that I serve. I feel that I most of the ethics down but there are several that my happen that I may be unethical and not even aware of it. I would continue to be trained on ethics to make sure that any changes that are made I will be updated on.As a counselor I will educate the clients that I serve about their ethical responsibilities as well as my responsibilities as their counselor. All clients’ needs to be informed of confidentiality during the initial meeting with counselor and some may need to be educated a little more than others on this topic. I will always make an effort to build a trusting relationship with the clients that I serve. I feel that building a trusting relationship will allow the client to open up and began the process of healing process. I know that some clients may not want to open up in the beginning but as they see others open up and share their stories they will begin to open up as well. As a group counselor I will use group exercises to participate with the clients in the group. According to Jacobs (2012) exercises can be used for the following reasons: to increase the comfort level, provide leader with useful information, generate discussions and focus the group, to shift the focus, deepen the focus, to provide opportunity for experiential learning, to provide fun and relaxation.Ethical issues present as barriers in counseling both individual and group sessions. Counselors have to be very careful while practicing and must remember to treat all the clients that they serve with dignity and respect. The counselors that practice in small communities must be careful and not break any forms of confidentiality and continue to be educated on ethical policies and confidentiality policies. Counselor that practice in smal l communities must also be willing to educate the people that they serve on confidentiality.

Ten Words to Learn How to Spell in 2010 - The Writers For Hire

TEN WORDS TO LEARN HOW TO SPELL IN 2010 Make any resolutions this year? I’m going to propose you make one more: Polish your emails. Write flawless notes. Look smarter. Check out this hilarious cartoon on The Oatmeal’s site, Ten Words You Need to Stop Misspelling. It outlines some of the most commonly misspelled words (and yes, even the best of us make these mistakes sometimes) in a fun, entertaining way. Study it. Commit these words to memory. If I could add just one more word pair to this list, it would be here/hear. I see this one all the time (Hi, dad!), and like most homophones, it’s really a very silly mistake, since the words are not similar in any way: Hear: verb, having to do with sound, listening, and using your ears. Ex: Do you hear that noise? Here: adverb, noun, or adjective, having to do with place (both real and abstract); it is the opposite of â€Å"there.† Ex: Come over here and then we’ll go to lunch. Do you have any spelling or usage pet peeves that didn’t make the list? Let us know †¦ and here’s to a happy, error-free 2010!